Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Release 2010, 7 ^th Edition

Welcome to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry in its seventh edition, the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life-science engineering.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a state-of-the-art reference work detailing the science and technology in all areas of industrial chemistry. Subject areas include: inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, etc.

Fully international in scope and coverage, the contents have been compiled under the supervision of a renowned global Editorial Advisory Board . It contains nearly 1000 major articles, written by some 3,000 authors who are experts in their fields and affiliated to leading chemical companies or research institutes. With more than 16 million words, nearly 15,000 tables, 25,000 figures, and innumerable literature sources and cross-references, Ullmann's Encyclopedia offers a wealth of comprehensive and well-structured information on all facets of industrial chemistry.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia is available in two electronic formats; as an online database on the internet and as a fully networkable CD-ROM, as well as being published in print in December 2002. Both electronic formats in parallel or either of these can be used according to your preferences at no additional cost. The electronic Ullmann's are updated on a regular basis, quarterly online and cumulatively on CD-ROM annually. All you need to do to access the online version is register with Wiley InterScience as described in the How to Order section, or contact the Customer Service ). Ordering information for the CD-ROM or the print version can be found there, as well.

First published in 1914 by Professor Fritz Ullmann in Berlin, the Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie (as the German title read) quickly became the standard reference work in industrial chemistry. Generations of chemists have since relied on Ullmann's as their prime reference source. Further German editions followed in 1928 - 1932 and 1951 - 1970. The twenty-five volumes of the fourth edition, published in 1972 - 1984, were divided into an alphabetically ordered series of 18 volumes and a general series of six volumes which gave an account of the principles and methods of chemical engineering and process technology.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth Edition, was published from 1985 to 1996. This was the first edition published in the English language. By doing so, the publisher could offer an even better service to the international readership who already found the German editions of Ullmann's invaluable.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sixth Edition, was published in one go in December 2002. The 40 volumes including one index volume contain more than 800 major articles, organized in alphabetical order, written by more than 3,000 experts which provide the latest information from leading chemical companies. Over 15,000 tables, 25,000 figures, and innumerable references on more than 30,000 printed pages offer a wealth of information to the reader.

Benefits of the electronic Encyclopedia

Benefits of the electronic Encyclopedia are:

• search for a word or phrase in the entire text
• use wildcards and Boolean operators to expand the scope of the search and enhance the relevance of the results
• browse through articles
• follow cross references via hyperlinks
• look up literature references

Complicated searches that may be time-consuming with printed books can now be performed in seconds. This is achieved by using a number of helpful indexes, such as:

• full text index
• author index
• CAS registry number index
• subject index

and the possibility to enhance the relevance of the search results by confining the search to selected sections of the encyclopedia or of individual documents (e.g., tables or figure captions).

Abbreviations

The following is a list of the abbreviations used in the text. Common terms, the names of publications and institutions, and legal agreements are included along with their full identities. Other abbreviations will be defined wherever they first occur in an article. For further abbreviations, see Symbols and Units, Frequently Cited Companies (Abbreviations, and Country Codes in patent references. The names of periodical publications are abbreviated exactly as done by Chemical Abstracts Service.

abs.	absolute
a.c.	alternating current
ACGIH	American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACS	American Chemical Society
ADI	acceptable daily intake
ADN	accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par voie de navigation interieure (European agreement concerning the international transportation of dangerous goods by inland waterways)
ADNR	ADN par le Rhin (regulation concerning the transportation of dangerous goods on the Rhine and all national waterways of the countries concerned)
ADP	adenosine 5-diphosphate
ADR	accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route (European agreement concerning the international transportation of dangerous goods by road)
AEC	Atomic Energy Commission (United States)
a.i.	Active ingredient
AIChE	American Institute of Chemical Engineers
AIME	American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
AMP	adenosine 5-monophosphate
APhA	American Pharmaceutical Association
API	American Petroleum Institute
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
ATP	adenosine 5-triphosphate
BAM	Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (Federal Republic of Germany)
BAT	Biologischer Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Wert (biological tolerance value for a working material, established by MAK Commission, see MAK)
Beilstein	Beilstein's Handbook of Organic Chemistry, Springer, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York
BET	Brunauer - Emmett - Teller
BGA	Bundesgesundheitsamt (Federal Republic of Germany)
BGBl.	Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Republic of Germany)
BIOS	British Intelligence Objectives Subcommitee Report (see also FIAT)
BOD	biological oxygen demand
bp	boiling point
B.P.	British Pharmacopeia
BS	British Standard
ca.	circa
calcd.	calculated
CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service
cat.	catalyst, catalyzed
cf.	compare
CFR	Code of Federal Regulations (United States)
cfu	colony forming units
Chap.	chapter
ChemG	Chemikaliengesetz (Federal Republic of Germany)
C.I.	Color Index
CIOS	Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommitee Report (see also FIAT)
CNS	central nervous system
Co.	Company
COD	chemical oxygen demand
conc.	concentrated
const.	constant
Corp.	Corporation
crit.	critical
CTFA	The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (United States)
DAB 9	Deutsches Arzneibuch, 9th ed., Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag, Stuttgart 1986
d.c.	direct current
decomp.	decompose, decomposition
DFG	Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Science Foundation)
dil.	dilute, diluted
DIN	Deutsche Industrie Norm (Federal Republic of Germany)
DMF	dimethylformamide
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
DOE	Department of Energy (United States)
DOT	Department of Transportation - Materials Transportation Bureau (United States)
DTA	differential thermal analysis
EC	effective concentration
EC	European Community
ed.	editor, edition, edited
e.g.	for example
emf	electromotive force
EmS	Emergency Schedule
EN	European Standard (European Community)
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency (United States)
EPR	electron paramagnetic resonance
Eq.	equation
ESCA	electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
esp.	especially
ESR	electron spin resonance
Et	ethyl substituent (-C 2 H 5 )
et al.	and others
etc.	et cetera
EVO	Eisenbahnverkehrsordnung (Federal Republic of Germany)
exp (. . .)	e (. . .) , mathematical exponent
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
FDA	Food and Drug Administration (United States)
FD & C	Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (United States)
FHSA	Federal Hazardous Substances Act (United States)
FIAT	Field Information Agency, Technical (United States reports on the chemical industry in Germany, 1945)
Fig.	figure
fp	freezing point
Friedländer	P. Friedländer, Fortschritte der Teerfarbenfabrikation und verwandter Industriezweige, Vol. 1 - 25, Springer, Berlin 1888 - 1942
FT	Fourier transform
(g)	gas, gaseous
GC	gas chromatography
GefStoffV	Gefahrstoffverordnung (regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning hazardous substances)
GGVE	Verordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter mit der Eisenbahn (regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the transportation of dangerous goods by rail)
GGVS	Verordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter auf der Straße (regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the transportation of dangerous goods by road)
GGVSee	Verordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter mit Seeschiffen (regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the transportation of dangerous goods by sea-going vessels)
GLC	gas-liquid chromatography
Gmelin	Gmelin's Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, 8th ed., Springer, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York
GRAS	generally recognized as safe
Hal	halogen substituent (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
Houben-Weyl	Methoden der organischen Chemie, 4th ed., Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart
HPLC	high performance liquid chromatography
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
IATA-DGR	International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
i.e.	that is
i.m.	intramuscular
IMDG	International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
IMO	Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultive Organization (in the past: IMCO)
Inst.	Institute
i.p.	intraperitoneal
IR	infrared
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
IUPAC	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
i.v.	intravenous
Kirk-Othmer	Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., J. Wiley & Sons, New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto 1978 - 1984; 4th ed., J. Wiley & Sons, New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto 1991 - 1998
(l)	liquid
Landolt-Börnstein	Zahlenwerte u. Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik u. Technik, Springer, Heidelberg 1950 - 1980; Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie, Springer, Heidelberg, since 1961
LC 50	lethal concentration for 50 % of the test animals
LCLo	lowest published lethal concentration
LD 50	lethal dose for 50 % of the test animals
LDLo	lowest published lethal dose
ln	logarithm (base e)
LNG	liquefied natural gas
log	logarithm (base 10)
LPG	liquefied petroleum gas
M	mol/L
M	metal (in chemical formulas)
MAK	Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration (maximum concentration at the workplace in the Federal Republic of Germany); cf. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ed.): Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen (MAK) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Werte (BAT), WILEY-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (published annually)
max.	maximum
MCA	Manufacturing Chemists Association (United States)
Me	methyl substituent (-CH 3 )
Methodicum Chimicum	Methodicum Chimicum, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart
MFAG	Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods
MIK	maximale Immissionskonzentration (maximum immission concentration)
min.	minimum
mp	melting point
MS	mass spectrum, mass spectrometry
NAS	National Academy of Sciences (United States)
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)
NBS	National Bureau of Standards (United States)
NCTC	National Collection of Type Cultures (United States)
NIH	National Institutes of Health (United States)
NIOSH	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (United States)
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
no.	number
NOEL	no observed effect level
NRC	Nuclear Regulatory Commission (United States)
NRDC	National Research Development Corporation (United States)
NSC	National Service Center (United States)
NSF	National Science Foundation (United States)
NTSB	National Transportation Safety Board (United States)
OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Administration (United States)
p., pp.	page, pages
Patty	G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton (eds.): Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York
PB report	Publication Board Report (U.S. Department of Commerce, Scientific and Industrial Reports)
PEL	permitted exposure limit
Ph	phenyl substituent (-C 6 H 5 )
Ph. Eur.	European Pharmacopoeia, 2nd. ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg 1981
phr	part per hundred rubber (resin)
PNS	peripheral nervous system
ppm	parts per million
q. v.	which see (quod vide)
ref.	refer, reference
resp.	respectively
R f	retention factor (TLC)
R. H.	relative humidity
RID	règlement international concernant le transport des marchandises dangereuses par chemin de fer (international convention concerning the transportation of dangerous goods by rail)
RNA	ribonucleic acid
R phrase (R-Satz)	risk phrase according to ChemG and GefStoffV (Federal Republic of Germany)
rpm	revolutions per minute
RTECS	Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, edited by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (United States)
(s)	solid
SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers (United States)
s.c.	subcutaneous
SI	International System of Units
SIMS	secondary ion mass spectrometry
S phrase (S-Satz)	safety phrase according to ChemG and GefStoffV (Federal Republic of Germany)
STEL	Short Term Exposure Limit (see TLV)
STP	standard temperature and pressure (0° C, 101.325 kPa)
T g	glass transition temperature
TA Luft	Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft (clean air regulation in Federal Republic of Germany)
TA Lärm	Technische Anleitung zum Schutz gegen Lärm (low noise regulation in Federal Republic of Germany)
TDLo	lowest published toxic dose
THF	tetrahydrofuran
TLC	thin layer chromatography
TLV	Threshold Limit Value (TWA and STEL); published annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, Ohio
TOD	total oxygen demand
TRK	Technische Richtkonzentration (lowest technically feasible level)
TSCA	Toxic Substances Control Act (United States)
TÜV	Technischer Überwachungsverein (Technical Control Board of the Federal Republic of Germany)
TWA	Time Weighted Average
UBA	Umweltbundesamt (Federal Environmental Agency)
Ullmann	Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed., VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1985 - 1996; Ullmanns Encyklopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4th ed., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1972 - 1984; 3rd ed., Urban und Schwarzenberg, München 1951 - 1970
USAEC	United States Atomic Energy Commission
USAN	United States Adopted Names
USD	United States Dispensatory
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
U.S.P.	United States Pharmacopeia
UV	ultraviolet
UVV	Unfallverhütungsvorschriften der Berufsgenossenschaft (workplace safety regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany)
VbF	Verordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Anlagen zur Lagerung, Abfüllung und Beförderung brennbarer Flüssigkeiten (regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the construction and operation of plants for storage, filling, and transportation of flammable liquids; classification according to the flash point of liquids, in accordance with the classification in the United States)
VDE	Verband Deutscher Elektroingenieure (Federal Republic of Germany)
VDI	Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Federal Republic of Germany)
vol	volume
vol.	volume (of a series of books)
vs.	versus
WGK	Wassergefährdungsklasse (water hazard class)
WHO	World Health Organization (United Nations)
Winnacker-Küchler	Chemische Technologie, 4th ed., Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1982 - 1986; Winnacker-Küchler, Chemische Technik: Prozesse und Produkte, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, from 2003
wt	weight
$	U.S. dollar, unless otherwise stated

Frequently Cited Companies (Abbreviations)

Air Products	Air Products and Chemicals
Akzo	Algemene Koninklijke Zout Organon
Alcoa	Aluminum Company of America
Allied	Allied Corporation
Amer. Cyanamid	American Cyanamid Company
BASF	BASF Aktiengesellschaft
Bayer	Bayer AG
BP	British Petroleum Company
Celanese	Celanese Corporation
Daicel	Daicel Chemical Industries
Dainippon	Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Inc.
Dow Chemical	The Dow Chemical Company
DSM	Dutch Staats Mijnen
Du Pont	E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Exxon	Exxon Corporation
FMC	Food Machinery & Chemical Corporation
GAF	General Aniline & Film Corporation
W.R. Grace	W.R. Grace & Company
Hoechst	Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
IBM	International Business Machines Corporation
ICI	Imperial Chemical Industries
IFP	Institut Français du Pétrole
INCO	International Nickel Company
3M	Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
Mitsubishi Chemical	Mitsubishi Chemical Industries
Monsanto	Monsanto Company
Nippon Shokubai	Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo
PCUK	Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann
PPG	Pittsburg Plate Glass Industries
Searle	G.D. Searle & Company
SKF	Smith Kline & French Laboratories
SNAM	Societá Nazionale Metandotti
Sohio	Standard Oil of Ohio
Stauffer	Stauffer Chemical Company
Sumitomo	Sumitomo Chemical Company
Toray	Toray Industries Inc.
UCB	Union Chimique Belge
Union Carbide	Union Carbide Corporation
UOP	Universal Oil Products Company
VEBA	Vereinigte Elektrizitäts- und Bergwerks-AG
Wacker	Wacker Chemie GmbH

Conversion Factors

SI unit	Non-SI unit	From SI to non-SI multiply by
Mass
	kg	pound (avoirdupois)	2.205
	kg	ton (long)	9.842 x 10 -4
	kg	ton (short)	1.102 x 10 -3
Volume
	m 3	cubic inch	6.102 x 10 4
	m 3	cubic foot	35.315
	m 3	gallon (U.S., liquid)	2.642 x 10 2
	m 3	gallon (Imperial)	2.200 x 10 2
Temperature
	°C	°F	°C x 1.8 + 32
Force
	N	dyne	1.0 x 10 5
Energy, Work
	J	Btu (int.)	9.480 x 10 -4
	J	cal (int.)	2.389 x 10 -1
	J	eV	6.242 x 10 18
	J	erg	1.0 x 10 7
	J	kW · h	2.778 x 10 -7
	J	kp · m	1.020 x 10 -1
Pressure
	MPa	at	10.20
	MPa	atm	9.869
	MPa	bar	10
	kPa	mbar	10
	kPa	mm Hg	7.502
	kPa	psi	0.145
	kPa	torr	7.502

Country Codes

The following list contains a selection of standard country codes used in the patent references.
AT	Austria
AU	Australia
BE	Belgium
BG	Bulgaria
BR	Brazil
CA	Canada
CH	Switzerland
CS	Czechoslovakia **
DD	German Democratic Republic **
DE	Germany (before 1949 and after 1990; Federal Republic of Germany between 1949-1990) *
DK	Denmark
ES	Spain
FI	Finland
FR	France
GB	United Kingdom
GR	Greece
HU	Hungary
ID	Indonesia
IL	Israel
IT	Italy
JP	Japan *
LU	Luxembourg
MA	Morocco
NL	Netherlands *
NO	Norway
NZ	New Zealand
PL	Poland
PT	Portugal
RU	Russian Federation
SE	Sweden
SU	Soviet Union (1918 - 1992) **
US	United States of America
YU	Yugoslavia **
ZA	South Africa
EP	European Patent Office *
WO	World Intellectual Property Organization
* For Europe, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands, the type of patent is specified: EP (patent), EP-A (application), DE (patent), DE-OS (Offenlegungsschrift), DE-AS (Auslegeschrift), JP (patent), JP-Kokai (Kokai tokkyo koho), NL (patent), and NL-A (application).
** No longer in use in ISO 3166-1:2006

Powers of Ten

E	(exa)	10 18		d	(deci)	10 -1
P	(peta)	10 15		c	(centi)	10 -2
T	(tera)	10 12		m	(milli)	10 -3
G	(giga)	10 9		μ	(micro)	10 -6
M	(mega)	10 6		n	(nano)	10 -9
k	(kilo)	10 3		p	(pico)	10 -12
h	(hecto)	10 2		f	(femto)	10 -15
da	(deca)	10		a	(atto)	10 -18

Symbols and Units

Symbols and units agree with SI standards (for conversion factors see Conversion Factors ). The following list gives the most important symbols used in the encyclopedia. Articles with many specific units and symbols have a similar list as front matter.

Symbol	Unit	Physical Quantity
a B		activity of substance B
A r		relative atomic mass (atomic weight)
A	m 2	area
c B	mol/m 3 , mol/L (M)	concentration of substance B
C	C/V	electric capacity
c p , c v	J kg -1 K -1	specific heat capacity
d	cm, m	diameter
d		relative density (ρ/ρ water )
D	m 2 /s	diffusion coefficient
D	Gy (= J/kg)	absorbed dose
e	C	elementary charge
E	J	energy
E	V/m	electric field strength
E	V	electromotive force
E A	J	activation energy
f		activity coefficient
F	C/mol	Faraday constant
F	N	force
g	m/s 2	acceleration due to gravity
G	J	Gibbs free energy
h	m	height
h	W s 2	Planck constant
H	J	enthalpy
I	A	electric current
I	cd	luminous intensity
k	(variable)	rate constant of a chemical reaction
k	J/K	Boltzmann constant
K	(variable)	equilibrium constant
l	m	length
m	g, kg, t	mass
M r		relative molecular mass (molecular weight)
n D 20		refractive index (sodium D-line, 20 °C)
n	mol	amount of substance
N A	mol -1	Avogadro constant (6.023*10 23 mol -1 )
p	Pa, bar *	pressure
Q	J	quantity of heat
r	m	radius
R	J K -1 mol -1	gas constant
R	Ω	electric resistance
S	J/K	entropy
t	s, min, h, d, month, a	time
t	°C	temperature
T	K	absolute temperature
u	m/s	velocity
U	V	electric potential
U	J	internal energy
V	m 3 , L, mL	volume
w		mass fraction
W	J	work
x B		mole fraction of substance B
Z		proton number, atomic number
α		cubic expansion coefficient
α	W m -2 K -1	heat-transfer coefficient (heat-transfer number)
α		degree of dissociation of electrolyte
[α]	10 -2 deg cm 2 g -1	specific rotation
η	Pa · s	dynamic viscosity
θ	°C	temperature
κ		c p /c v
λ	W m -1 K -1	thermal conductivity
λ	nm, m	wavelength
μ		chemical potential
ν	Hz, s -1	frequency
ν	m 2 /s	kinematic viscosity (η/ρ)
π	Pa	osmotic pressure
ρ	g/cm 3	density
σ	N/m	surface tension
τ	Pa (N/m 2 )	shear stress
φ		volume fraction
χ	Pa -1 (m 2 /N)	compressibility
* The official unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).

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